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用途:
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Core component of the RAG complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the DNA cleavage phase during V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination assembles a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in developing B and T-lymphocytes through rearrangement of different V (variable), in some cases D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments. DNA cleavage by the RAG complex occurs in 2 steps: a first nick is introduced in the top strand immediately upstream of the heptamer, generating a 3'-hydroxyl group that can attack the phosphodiester bond on the opposite strand in a direct transesterification reaction, thereby creating 4 DNA ends: 2 hairpin coding ends and 2 blunt, 5'-phosphorylated ends. The chromatin structure plays an essential role in the V(D)J recombination reactions and the presence of histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) stimulates both the nicking and haipinning steps. The RAG complex also plays a role in pre-B cell allelic exclusion, a process leading to expression of a single immunoglobulin heavy chain allele to enforce clonality and monospecific recognition by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) expressed on individual B-lymphocytes. The introduction of DNA breaks by the RAG complex on one immunoglobulin allele induces ATM-dependent repositioning of the other allele to pericentromeric heterochromatin, preventing accessibility to the RAG complex and recombination of the second allele. In the RAG complex, RAG2 is not the catalytic component but is required for all known catalytic activities mediated by RAG1. It probably acts as a sensor of chromatin state that recruits the RAG complex to H3K4me3.
基因功能參考文獻:
Mutation of serine 365 to alanine permits bi-allelic and bi-locus RAG-mediated breaks in the same cell, leading to reciprocal translocations. PMID: 29069605
the ability of the RAG nuclease to minimize the risks of genome disruption by coupling the breakage and repair steps of the V(D)J reaction. This implies that the RAG genes, derived from an ancient transposon, have undergone strong selective pressure to prohibit transposition in favor of promoting controlled DNA end joining in cis by the ubiquitous DNA damage response and DNA repair machineries PMID: 27863852
The show that DNA damage caused by RAG2 activity in pre-B cells was able to downmodulate RAG2 expression and activity, confirming the existence of a negative feedback regulatory mechanism. PMID: 27559048
gene deficiency results in late onset autoimmune hemolytic anemia PMID: 26515615
DNA damage triggers relocalization of RAG2 from the nucleus to centrosomes, suggesting a novel mechanism for modulating cellular responses to double strand breaks in developing lymphocytes. PMID: 25625798
found that Ikaros, a lymphocyte-specific transcription factor, acts as a repressor of NWC promoter--thus identifying a new Ikaros target--but is insufficient for inducing methylation which depends on the antisense transcription driven by RAG-2 promoter PMID: 25198102
The results indicate that the contribution of immune dysregulatory disease due to RAG2 mutations present in the general population may be much higher than previously estimated. PMID: 24472623
Bidirectional activity of the NWC promoter is responsible for RAG-2 transcription in non-lymphoid cells PMID: 22984564
A novel homozygous mutation with different clinical phenotypes: Omenn syndrome and hyper-IgM syndrome PMID: 22841008
analysis of multiorgan metastasis of human HER-2+ breast cancer in Rag2-/-;Il2rg-/- mice and treatment with PI3K inhibitor PMID: 22737248
USF-1 but not USF-2 is strongly enriched at Dbeta2 in chromatin from either Rag2-/- deficient thymocytes or Rag2-/- deficient thymocytes that express a rearranged Tcrb transgene. PMID: 22287717
Analysis of mutations from SCID and Omenn syndrome patients reveals the central role of the Rag2 PHD domain in regulating V(D)J recombination. PMID: 20234091
No sequence changes in RAG2 were found in a series of hematologic leukemias or their cell lines. PMID: 12145704
RAG2 expression and non-functional TCR rearrangements continuously take place in peripheral mature T cells of all activation/differentiation stages PMID: 12355431
intrinsic RAG-2 NLS functions in the nuclear uptake of RAG-2 following its reexpression in cycling cells PMID: 12861017
DNA methylation inhibits the cleavage activity of the RAG1/RAG2 complex by two different mechanisms, depending on the position of the mCpG around the recombination signal sequences PMID: 12897800
Activated mature CD5-positive human tonsil B cells coexpress both RAG2 and RAG1 mRNA and protein, and display DNA cleavage resulting from their recombinase activity. PMID: 15843554
SKP2 mediates ubiquitylation of RAG-2 in vitro and degradation of RAG-2 in vivo. PMID: 15949444
The carboxyl terminus of Rag2 plays a unique role as a direct bridge between chromatin and recombinase during chromosomal V(D)J recombination PMID: 16111638
A knockin murine model carrying the Rag2 R229Q mutation previously described in several patients with Omenn syndrome (OS)supports the notion that impaired immune tolerance and defective immune regulation are involved in the pathophysiology of OS. PMID: 17476358
IL-6 initiates the expression of RAG2 in circulating B cells, and extends those in tonsil B cells. PMID: 17982069
a conserved tryptophan residue (W453) that constitutes a key structural component of the K4me3-binding surface and is essential for RAG2's recognition of H3K4me3 is mutated in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes PMID: 18033247
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相關疾病:
Combined cellular and humoral immune defects with granulomas (CHIDG); Severe combined immunodeficiency autosomal recessive T-cell-negative/B-cell-negative/NK-cell-positive (T(-)B(-)NK(+) SCID); Omenn syndrome (OS)