TNF，全稱(chēng)為腫瘤壞死因子（tumor necrosis factor），是一種由巨噬細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞和其他免疫細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子。最新的研究表明，TNF參與調(diào)節(jié)多種生理和病理過(guò)程，包括炎癥、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤發(fā)生等。目前，TNF在治療多種自身免疫性疾病和某些腫瘤中已得到廣泛應(yīng)用，并持續(xù)吸引著研究者們的關(guān)注和研究。

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance. Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6.; The TNF intracellular domain (ICD) form induces IL12 production in dendritic cells.

1. these findings provide the direct evidence that ADAM17 cleaves porcine TNFalpha, which represents a new view for identifying potential therapeutic targets in anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus therapy PMID: 26724939
2. TMZ pretreatment effectively reduced the myocardial damage caused by CME via inhibiting the PDCD4/NF-kappaB/ TNF-alpha pathway in cardiomyocytes. PMID: 28683436
3. TNF-alpha, secreted from activated Monocytes, mediates the downregulation of OTX2 and essential retinal pigment epithelium genes. PMID: 27660103
4. TNF-alpha induced MMP-13 expression by condylar cells might be involved in the degradation of the juvenile condyle. PMID: 27618228
5. TNF-alpha was able to promote theca interna cell proliferation. Our results suggest that TNF-alpha might play a role in hyperandrogenism, cortex thickness, and the increased ovary volume observed in polycystic ovaries. PMID: 27125399
6. This study showed that the -791(C-->T) mutation of the TNF-alpha gene could be considered an important potential genetic marker of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 resistance. PMID: 27408333
7. Both Nsp1beta and Nsp11 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus were demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha production in pulmonary alveolar macrophages. PMID: 25708177
8. Study presents evidence demonstrating a single species of exotoxin ApxI, derived from A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10, induces the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-8 and TNF-alpha in porcine alveolar macrophages. PMID: 21314908
9. the role of miR-181a in adipocyte differentiation by regulation of TNF-alpha PMID: 24098322
10. The NOS inhibitor, L-NMMA, significantly suppressed the combined effects of HT and CORM-2 on TNFalpha-triggered NFkappaBp65 phosphorylation as well as decreased cell viability. PMID: 24066302
11. High-volume hemofiltration improves hemodynamics and heart dysfunction in septic shock pigs, which may be attributed to reduction of TNF-alpha in myocardium but not in circulation. PMID: 22994292
12. Basal lipogenesis was not affected by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) treatment; however, insulin stimulated lipogenesis was reduced by TNFalpha. Interleukin 6 and TNFalpha gene expression were acutely (2-4 h) stimulated by exogenous TNFalpha treatment. PMID: 23090779
13. In swine, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA, INOS AND MIP-1BETA were increased during mechanical ventilation in a time-related fashion. PMID: 23102097
14. These data demonstrate that CRF triggers increases in intestinal paracellular permeability via mast cell dependent release of TNF-alpha and proteases. PMID: 22768175
15. We identified critical amino acid residues in PRRSV Nsp1alpha and Nsp1beta that are important for TNF-alpha down-regulation and attenuation in vivo. PMID: 22699004
16. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection impaired TNF-alpha production by inhibiting ERK signaling. pathway. PMID: 22497732
17. Data show that all five molecules, BNP, ICAM-1, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1 and IL-6, quickly and reliably signaled adverse interactions. PMID: 21471537
18. These results suggest that trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid can modulate TNF-alpha production and NF-kappa B expression by a PPARgamma-dependent pathway in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PMID: 21205430
19. Retinal ischemia results in increased expression of TNF-alpha and its receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2). PMID: 21152396
20. increased plasma levels during recovery from cardiac arrest are associated with left ventricle dysfunction PMID: 19642909
21. Viral non-structural protein 1 suppressed host TNF-alpha promoter by inhibiting NF-kappaB and Sp1 promoter binding activity. PMID: 20701940
22. Exposure of porcine oocytes to an elevated TNF-alpha concentration clearly caused a reduction in their maturation from GV stage to MII stage and increased the proportion of oocytes with abnormal chromosome alignment and cytoskeleton structure PMID: 19324350
23. Survival in the setting of severe, acute trauma/hemorrhagic shock appears to be associated with an immediate increase in serum TNF-alpha. PMID: 20027315
24. These results suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-10, but not IL-6, are involved in the late reparatory phases of the experimental disk lesion. PMID: 19605905
25. Repression of TNF-alpha associated with moderate hypothermia during experimental cardiac surgery is due to inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38/activating protein-1 pathway and not to inhibition of NF-kappa B. PMID: 16606437
26. Stenting of coronary arteries was associated with an eight-fold enhancement in TNFalpha expression in injured arterial tissue. PMID: 16857205
27. The effect of EGF on pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), levels during wound healing in swine is reported. PMID: 17098266
28. In coronary microembolization, TNF-alpha is responsible for both progressive contractile dysfunction and delayed protection against infarction. PMID: 17170366
29. The data indicate that the development of clinical symptoms of coliform mastitis in the sow is associated with a locally increased proinflammatory cytokine production in response to intramammary Escherichia coli infection. PMID: 17903420
30. the ERK/GEF-H1/Rho/Rho kinase/phospho-MLC pathway is the mechanism mediating TNF-alpha-induced elevation of tubular epithelial permeability, which in turn might contribute to kidney injury PMID: 19261619
31. Data show that cysteine significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-1beta, and resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis initiator caspase-8 and bcl2L1. PMID: 19520150
32. TNF-alpha inhibits adipogenesis through stabilization of beta-catenin protein in porcine preadipocytes. PMID: 19558791

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Cell membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein.; [Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form]: Membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein.; [Tumor necrosis factor, soluble form]: Secreted.; [C-domain 1]: Secreted.; [C-domain 2]: Secreted.

Tumor necrosis factor family

KEGG: ssc:397086

STRING: 9823.ENSSSCP00000001491

UniGene: Ssc.100